The Flower Ornament Scripture
A Translation of the Avatamsaka Sutra
Thomas Cleary
GLOSSARY
Absolute state : Nirvana.
Action : As "karma" refers to doings that
are conditioned by past habits and also condition future habits and states of development.
present habits ?
Adornment : All manifestations, all phenomena, may be
referred to as "adornments." The features of the world may be
called adornments of space. Also, qualities are adornments of essence;
specifically, virtue and knowledge are adornments of persons; beauty and
harmony arc adornments of worlds.
Anointed : Means "crowned, " based on the
ancient Indian coronation ceremony of anointing the crown prince with the
waters of the surrounding oceans; in this scripture it means anointment with
the "elixir" of true knowledge.
This is the highest of the ten abodes of enlightening beings (see Book 1
5), in which the knowledge of all aspects of enlightening practices is
consummated; it is also used to describe the highest of the ten stages of
enlightening beings (see Book 26) , in which the ten powers of buddhahood are
developed.
Aparagodaniya : The western of the four continents of
Indian Buddhist geography.
Bases of mystic powers : Four bases of spiritual
powers: will, effort, concentration, and meditation.
Birthless : Refers to emptiness of absolute existence
or individuality; as things have no independent individual existence or absolute
reality, they are said to have no origin-the "origin" or
"birth" of something specific is a point of definition conceived by
the mind of the perceiver, not an inherent property of objects. From the point
of view of relativity and continuity, as all things are part of one whole and
have no separate existence, these are ultimately no boundaries or demarcations,
no beginnings, so individual things have in themselves no point of origin as
discrete entities outside of projected definitions.
Brahma : Refers to a class of gods; or, as a proper
name of an individual god, it refers to the god Brahma, associated with
knowledge and creativity.
Brahma heavens : See heavens.
Celestial devil : The ruler of the sixth heaven in the realm of desire, the heaven of control of or free enjoyment of others' emanations; "others' emanations" means the experiences of the senses, and the celestial devil is the grasping aspect of the cognitive faculty, which conceives attraction and repulsion and thus acts as a compulsive force and a source of confusion.
Celestial ear : Supernormal hearing, of extraordinary
range and acuity.
Celestial eye : Clairvoyance, ability to see things
and events at great distances; also referred specifically to seeing the births
and deaths of sentient beings everywhere.
Child of Buddha : Or "offspring of Buddha" - an epithet of enlightening beings.
Compounded : Conditional, made up of elements, not having independent discrete existence; usually it is said that all things are compounded except Space and Nirvana.
Nếu các ông tìm ra chân thật và trở về nguồn cội, bấy giờ hư không khắp mười phương tất đều
tiêu vong. Thế thì làm sao hết thảy quốc độ ở trong hư không mà chẳng chấn
động chứ? Khi tu thiền và vào chánh định, tịnh tâm của các ông khai thông với
tâm của chư Bồ-tát và những vị đại A-la-hán vô lậu ở trong mười phương. Lúc đó
ông sẽ trụ ở nơi trạm nhiên thanh tịnh.
Bấy giờ tất cả ma vương, cùng với quỷ thần, và hàng trời
phàm phu đều thấy cung điện của mình vô cớ sụp đổ và đại địa chấn động. Động vật
bơi trong nước, đi trên đất, hoặc bay giữa trời, không một loài nào mà chẳng
kinh hoàng. Còn hạng phàm phu bị che
trùm bởi hôn ám thì chẳng hề hay biết gì về những sự kiện này.
Kinh Đại Phật Đảnh Cứu Cánh Kiên Cố và Mật Nhân của
Như Lai về Chư Bồ-tát Vạn Hạnh để Tu Chứng Liễu Nghĩa (Kinh Lăng Nghiêm)
NAM-MÔ LĂNG-NGHIÊM HỘI-THƯỢNG PHẬT BỒ-TÁT.
(3 lần)
Diệu trạm tổng trì bất động tôn, Thủ-Lăng-Nghiêm-Vương thế hi hữu, tiêu ngã ức kiếp điên-đảo tưởng.
Bất lịch tăng-kỳ hoạch pháp thân, nguyện kim đắc quả thành bảo-vương, hườn độ như thị hằng sa chúng, tương thử thâm tâm phụng trần sát, thị tắc danh vị báo Phật ân: phục thỉnh Thế-Tôn vị chứng-minh, ngũ-trược ác-thế thệ tiên nhập, như nhứt chúng-sanh vị thành Phật, chung bất ư thử thủ nê-hoàn. Ðại-hùng đại-lực đại-từ-bi, hi cánh thẩm trừ vi-tế hoặc, linh ngã tảo đăng vô-thượng giác, ư thập phương giới tọa đạo tràng; thuấn nhã đa tánh khả tiêu vong, thước-ca-ra tâm vô động chuyển.
conqueror : An epithet of a Buddha, referring to the victory over oneself; also the term Victor is used.
Definitive marks of all things :
(1) All actions are impermanent;
(2) all actions involve suffering;
(3) all things are selfless;
(4) nirvana is
ultimately tranquil .
Demons: Any attachment or obsession, anything that
obstructs wisdom, is called a demon. Any delusion or force of distraction is
called a demon. The so-called four demons are the demon of afflictions, the
demon of the five clusters (q. v. ) or mental and physical elements, the demon
of death, and the Devil or the Most Evil One, the king of the heaven of free
access to or control of others' enjoyments, the highest of the heavens in the
realm of desire, symbolic of the conceptual or cognitive mind commandeered by
desire.
Devadatta : Arch villain of Buddhist myth, renegade
from the original Buddhist order, said to have attempted to kill the Buddha.
Đặc biệt trong phẩm Đề Bà Đạt Đa thứ mười hai đức
Phật đã thọ ký cho Đề Bà Đạt Đa, người được xem là cực ác vì
phá hoại Phật đệ nhất, sẽ thành Phật.
Kinh
Diệu Pháp Liên Hoa
TÁM TƯỚNG THÀNH ĐẠO
Theo Đại-thừa là:
1. ĐÂU-SUẤT GIÁNG-THẦN
2. NHẬP-THAI
3. TRỤ-THAI
4. ĐẢN-SANH
5. XUẤT-GIA
6. THÀNH-ĐẠO
7. CHUYỂN-PHÁP-LUÂN
8. NHẬP NIẾT-BÀN
Trong tám điều nầy, Tiểu-thừa thêm tướng Hàng-ma mà không lập tướng Trụ-thai, vì cho trụ thai gồm trong ĐẢN-SANH; còn Đại-thừa thì không lập tướng Hàng-ma, vì biết rõ ma chính là Phật.
Tóm lại, trong một đời giáo hóa, nói rộng ra, tuy Ðức Thế-Tôn dạy bảo Nhân-thừa, Thiên-thừa, Thanh-Văn-thừa, Duyên-Giác-thừa, Bồ-Tát-thừa, song không ngoài mục đích để thành tựu Phật-thừa, tức là Nhất-thừa-đạo.
Đối với hạng chưa thể tu theo đường giải thoát, Ngài khuyên dạy pháp Ngũ-giới, Thập-thiện, để cho họ trồng căn lành, khỏi sa vào ác đạo, gây nhân duyên đắc độ về sau.
Với hạng có thể bước lên nẻo Niết-bàn, Ngài khai thị pháp Tứ-đế, Thập-nhị-nhân-duyên, để họ thoát nỗi khổ luân-hồi, hưởng sự vui tịch tịnh, rồi lần lượt dẫn dụ vào đại pháp.
Với hạng đại căn cơ, Ngài chỉ ngay Bồ-Tát-đạo, khiến cho họ mau thành tựu quả Phật. Đức từ bi, bình đẳng, trí huệ, phương tiện của Phật quả thật không lường!
Thế thì dù Tiểu-thừa hay Đại-thừa, đều cùng là con của Phật, cùng sẽ về một tiêu điểm, người Phật-tử chỉ nên tự xét và tự hướng lối đi của mình đúng như lời dạy của Ðức Thế-Tôn, chớ không nên cố tâm chia rẽ.
Phật Học Tinh Yếu
Hòa Thượng Thích Thiền Tâm
Diamond realm : Existence seen as identical to
emptiness and therefore indestructible.
Discriminatory
thought : Thinking of percepts and
concepts as objective
realities, discrete and definitive; fixation on appearances while
ignorant of essence. Discrimination is commonly used in the sense of false or
arbitrary discrimination, notions not true to reality; it may also be used,
however, in the sense of non emotive, unbiased discernment. Context makes it
clear which of these meanings is intended. Also, discrimination in the sphere
of relative mundane truth may be temporarily suspended for the purpose of
focusing the attention on absolute truth, then resumed with greater clarity,
precision, and detachment in order to function in the ordinary world after
the awakening of trans mundane insight.
Dusts : The material world; used specifically to refer
to sense data.
Eight difficult situations : Conditions in which it is difficult to be able to hear the teaching of enlightenment: hells, the state of hungry ghosts, the state of animals, earthly paradise, the heaven of long life, the conditions of deafness and blindness, the condition of intellectual brilliance in terms of worldly knowledge, and in times before and after the existence of a Buddha in the world.
Eight liberations :
(1) Contemplating external form while still having internal images of form: this means looking at or contemplating "impure forms" such as decomposing corpses to inhibit the arising of physical desires and eliminate attachment to the body;
(2) contemplating external form without internal images of form: this means observing impure external forms even after attachment to the body is quelled, in order to strengthen this detachment;
(3) fulfilled stage of physical realization of pure liberation: this refers to observing "pure forms" which means only seeing light and color; "physical realization" means at this stage the body is filled with bliss;
(4) absorption of the mind in the infinity of space;
(5) absorption in the infinity of consciousness;
(6) absorption in nothingness;
(7) neither perception nor nonperception;
(8)
cessation of sensation and perception.
Eightfold path of sages : An ancient formulation of
eight elements of the way to liberation: right seeing, right thinking, right
speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right recollection,
right concentration. "Right" here means conducive to liberation.
Eighteen elements : Six sense faculties, six
associated sense consciousnesses, and six fields of sense data - in combination
these are the elements of experience.
End of the right doctrine : It is said that spiritual
teachings go through three stages: the first is when the genuine teaching is
operative and there is practice and realization; second is a period of
imitation, where there is practice but no true realization; third is the ending
period, when the teaching is vitiated and has become an inoperative relic.
Enter : This
word is commonly
used in the
sense of intellectual
penetration, experiential understanding, realization, insight, vision.
Essence : Emptiness,
or the conditional nature of things.
Field of blessings : Saints, enlightening beings, and
Buddhas are called fields of blessings because of their beneficial effect on
the world, and because giving to them produces blessings and felicity. Also,
all beings may be called fields of blessings, for the reason that giving to
others is productive of blessings or worldly happiness as well as furthering
human development through non presumptuous generosity.
Five clusters : Components of living
beings: matter (physical
form) , sensations, perceptions,
(mental) conformations, consciousness. Traditionally this analysis is made for
contemplation purposes, especially to convey the sense that the psychophysical
being is not an irreducible unity, and to provide a framework for meditation on
the emptiness of the ideas of self, soul, person, and individual life. They are
called "grasping clusters" as long as they are characterized by
clinging and attachment.
Five
eyes : Five levels of perception: the
physical eye, the
celestial eye (clairvoyance), the eye of wisdom
(perceiving emptiness of absolute reality), the objective eye (seeing things in
the relative world as they are in fact, without subjective projection) , and
the Buddha-eye (including all of the preceding four eyes).
Five faculties : Faith, energy, recollection,
concentration, awareness.
Five powers : Full development of the five faculties.
Purify the five eyes; attain the five powers.
Simply accomplish them and know what’s hard to fathom.
Shapes in a mirror are not hard to see,
But the moon in the water–how can one pluck it out?
Tịnh ngũ nhãn, đắc ngũ lực,
Duy chứng nãi tri nan khả trắc.
Kính lý khán hình kiến bất nan,
Thủy trung tróc nguyệt tranh niêm đắc.
Song of Enlightenment
by Great Master Yung Chia of The T'ang Dynasty
Translated by BUDDHIST TEXT TRANSLATION SOCIETY
Five
precepts : Basic precepts forbidding killing, stealing, sexual misconduct, lying, and drinking alcohol.
Lược Thuyết Về Việc Ðắc Giới
Người thọ Ngũ-giới cần nên biết thế nào là đắc giới. Ðể
chứng minh và khái thuyết về việc nầy, xin dẫn mấy đoạn kinh như sau:
“Khi ấy, ngài Ưu-Ba-Ly thưa:
- Bạch Thế-Tôn! Người thọ giới Ưu-bà-tắc, trong trường
hợp thấy mình khó giữ đủ năm điều, nếu thọ một hoặc hai cho đến bốn giới, có thể
gọi là đắc giới chăng?
Ðức Phật đáp:
- Kẻ ấy không đắc giới.
- Bạch Thế-Tôn! Nếu không đắc giới thì tại sao trong
kinh có chỗ nói thiểu phần, đa phần, cho đến mãn phần Ưu-bà-tắc? Vậy ý nghĩa ấy
như thế nào?
- Nầy Ưu-Ba-Ly! Sở dĩ ta nói lời ấy, vì muốn thuyết
minh công đức trì giới nhiều hoặc ít, chớ không phải nói có cách thọ giới như vậy.
Ưu-Ba-Ly lại thưa:
- Bạch Thế-Tôn! Có thể được thọ năm giới từ một, hai,
cho đến mười ngày chăng?
Ðức Phật bảo:
- Không thể được! Như-Lai chế ra các giới đều có chừng
hạn của mỗi thứ. Nếu thọ Ngũ-giới tất phải suốt đời, như thọ Bát-quan-trai-giới
thì chỉ một ngày một đêm. Phép bạch Tứ-yết-ma truyền giới cũng có thượng,
trung, hạ. Ngũ-giới là hạ-phẩm-giới, Thập-giới là trung-phẩm-giới, Cụ-giới là
thượng-phẩm-giới. Riêng về Ngũ-giới cũng có ba phẩm: Nếu dùng tâm bậc hạ mà thọ
thì đắc giới thuộc phẩm hạ; nếu dùng tâm bậc trung mà thọ thì đắc giới thuộc phẩm
trung; nếu dùng tâm bậc thượng mà thọ thì đắc giới thuộc phẩm thượng. Thập-giới
và Cụ-giới cũng đều có ba phẩm như thế.
Ngũ-giới là nền tảng của các giới, vì trong Bát-giới,
Thập-giới, Cụ-Giới, Bồ-Tát-giới cũng có năm giới căn bản ấy. Nếu có người trước
dùng tâm hạ phẩm đắc Ngũ-giới, rồi sau dùng tâm trung phẩm hay thượng phẩm thọ
Thập-giới hoặc Cụ-giới, thì các giới khác mới thuộc về trung phẩm hay thượng phẩm,
còn năm giới căn bản vẫn thuộc về hạ phẩm. Tại sao thế? Vì giới Ba-la-đề-mộc-xoa
không có đắc hai lần.
Lại nữa, nếu lấy theo thứ lớp mà nói, thì Ngũ-giới thuộc
về hạ phẩm, Thập-giới thuộc về trung phẩm, Cụ-giới thuộc về thượng phẩm. Nhưng
nếu cứ theo tâm mà luận, thì lại khác. Như có người dùng tâm bậc thượng mà đắc
Ngũ-giới, đó thuộc về thượng phẩm giới. Nếu dùng tâm bậc trung mà đắc Thập-giới,
đó thuộc về trung phẩm giới. Nếu dùng tâm bậc hạ mà đắc Cụ-giới, đó thuộc về hạ
phẩm giới. Vì bởi nghĩa nầy, nên giới phẩm tùy tâm mà có cao thấp, không nhất định
đắc Cụ-giới là thuộc về thượng phẩm, hay đắc Ngũ-giới là thuộc về hạ phẩm”.
(Kinh Ðại-Phương-Tiện-Phật-Báo-Ân)
Về Ba-la-đề-mộc-xoa, trong ngũ đạo duy có nhơn đạo đắc
giới, còn bốn nẻo kia rất khó. Tại sao thế? Vì chư thiên nơi cõi trời tâm nhiễm
lạc sâu nặng nên khó đắc giới. Như thuở trước Tôn-giả Mục-Kiền-Liên vì người đệ-tử
đau bịnh, lên cõi trời hỏi cách điều trị nơi ông Kỳ-Bà (ông đã sanh lên thiên
quốc). Khi ngài đến nơi vừa lúc chư thiên đang vào vườn Hoan-Hỷ vui chơi. Lúc ấy
tất cả thiên chúng đi ngang qua thấy Tôn-giả đứng bên lề đường, nhưng không vị
nào đoái hoài đến. Ông Kỳ-Bà đi sau rốt, trông thấy Tôn-giả, liền đưa một tay
lên chào, rồi dong xe đi thẳng. Ngài Mục-Kiền-Liên tự nghĩ: “Kẻ nầy khi còn ở
nhân gian, là đệ-tử tại-gia của mình; nay vừa được hưởng phước trời, đã vội say
đắm quên mất tánh cũ”. Nghĩ xong, ngài liền dùng thần lực bắt cỗ xe như ý đứng
lại. Bất đắc dĩ, Kỳ-Bà phải xuống xe đảnh lễ nơi chân. Tôn-giả liền nói nhiều
nhân duyên để quở trách. Kỳ-Bà thưa: “Bạch Ðại Ðức! Vì khi còn ở nhân gian tôi
là đệ-tử của ngài, nên mới có được cử chỉ như thế, còn chư thiên khác vị nào
cũng đi suốt qua cả, đâu có ai thưa hỏi đón chào? Ấy do bởi sự vui nơi đây rất
vi diệu, nên thiên chúng đắm nhiễm, tâm không được tự tại. Xin đại-đức thể tình
mà khoan thứ cho”. Tôn-giả hỏi: “Đệ-tử của ta bịnh như thế, phải điều trị cách
nào?” Kỳ-Bà thưa: “Chỉ cấm thực ít hôm là khỏi”.
Có một độ, ngài Mục-Kiền-Liên khuyên Thích-Ðề-Hoàn-Nhân
rằng: “Ðức Như-Lai ra đời là một thắng duyên khó gặp, sao ông chẳng thường gần
gũi Phật để thưa hỏi chánh-pháp?” Ðế-Thích muốn tỏ cho ngài biết sự khó được
như ý đó, liền bảo gọi một vị thiên-tử đến. Vị thiên-tử nầy có một thiên-nữ và
một kỹ nhạc, tuy biết mạng lịnh của Thiên-đế là oai trọng, nhưng vì đắm nhiễm
quá sâu, nên đợi gọi đến lần thứ tư bất đắc dĩ mới tạm dẹp sự vui qua một bên,
gắng gượng đến trình diện. Thiên-đế hỏi lý do đến trễ, ông hổ thẹn đem sự thật
tâu lên. Khi ấy, Ðế-Thích mới thưa: “Bạch đại-đức! Vị thiên-tử nầy duy có một
thiên-nữ, một kỹ nhạc, mà còn khó nỗi cắt bỏ sự vui. Huống chi tôi là
Thiên-vương có nhiều cung điện rực rỡ nguy nga, vô số ngọc-nữ phi-tần hầu hạ,
trăm ngàn thứ kỹ nhạc nhiệm mầu, nhìn bên Ðông quên bên Tây, nỗi ái lạc buộc
ràng, sự cắt lìa còn khó hơn muôn phần! Vì thế, tuy nhận hiểu Như-Lai khó gặp,
chánh-pháp khó nghe, cũng không biết làm sao để thường gần gũi được!”
Phàm thọ giới phải dùng tâm mạnh mẽ quả quyết tự thệ, mới
có thể đắc giới. Chư thiên sở dĩ khó đắc giới, vì ý niệm say đắm theo thú vui
ngũ dục nặng nhiều, sức thiện tâm lại kém yếu. Hàng Ngạ-quỷ bị khổ vì đói khát,
thân tâm nóng bức; chúng Địa-ngục chịu vô lượng nỗi khổ độc, tâm ý duy nhớ biết
sự khổ đau, nên không do đâu mà đắc giới. Còn chúng Bàng-sanh phần nhiều vì
nghiệp chướng nặng, không hiểu biết chi, chẳng thọ pháp-giới, nên cũng khó đắc
giới. Tuy trong kinh có nhiều chỗ nói rồng cầu trai pháp, nhưng Long-vương do
thiện tâm thọ Bát-quan-trai nên chỉ được công đức lành chớ khó đắc trai vì bởi
còn nhiều nghiệp chướng.
Về nhơn đạo, trong tứ thiên hạ, duy loài người ở ba
châu: Diêm-Phù-Đề, Cù-Da-Ni, và Phất-Bà-Đề, là có thể đắc giới. Lại trong ba
châu, riêng người ở châu Diêm-Phù-Đề dễ đắc giới hơn cả. Về châu Cù-Da-Ni, thuở
trước Ðức Thế-Tôn sai Tôn-giả Tân-Ðầu-Lư qua bên ấy làm Phật-sự, nên nơi đó có
bốn bộ chúng. Châu Phất-Bà-Đề nhờ nhiều vị Tỷ-khưu đắc đạo sang hoằng hóa, nên ở
đó cũng có bốn bộ chúng. Duy người nơi châu Uất-Đan-Việt vì bị phước báo ngăn
che, lại căn trí si mê không thọ thánh pháp, chánh giáo không thể lưu hành, nên
không có nhân duyên đắc giới.
Loài người có bốn hạng: nam, nữ, huỳnh môn và hai căn.
Trong bốn hạng nầy, duy có nam nữ đắc giới, còn huỳnh môn và hai căn không đắc
giới. Trong hai hạng nam, nữ, những kẻ giết cha, giết mẹ, giết A-la-hán, làm
thân Phật ra huyết, phá hòa hợp Tăng, làm hoen ố Tỷ-khưu-ni, tặc trụ, độ người
vượt pháp, đọa căn lành, đều không đắc giới. (Tát-Bà-Ða-Tỳ-Ni-Tỳ-Bà-Sa)
Tướng Phá Giới
Ðã biết qua việc đắc giới, hàng Phật-tử lại cần nên hiểu
thế nào là tướng phá giới. Như đoạn kinh sau:
... “Ðã truyền giới xong, lại nên bảo: Có sáu trọng
pháp mà bậc Ưu-bà-tắc, Ưu-bà-di cần phải giữ gìn nghiêm nhặt:
Nầy Thiện-nam-tử! Hàng Phật-tử tại-gia đã thọ giới rồi,
trên từ thánh-nhơn dưới cho đến loài trùng kiến, đều không được cố tâm giết. Nếu
tự mình giết hoặc bảo người giết, kẻ ấy liền bị mất giới Ưu-bà-tắc, hãy còn
không được Noãn-pháp, huống chi quả Tu-đà-hoàn cho đến quả A-na-hàm! Phạm lỗi nầy,
tức là hạng Ưu-bà-tắc phá giới, xấu xa, đê tiện, nhơ bẩn, kiết nghiệp. Ðây là
trọng pháp thứ nhất, cần phải giữ!
Hàng Phật-tử tại-gia đã thọ giới rồi, dù gặp nhân
duyên mất mạng, cũng không được trộm cướp trên từ vàng bạc châu báu dưới cho đến
một đồng tiền. Nếu trộm cướp, kẻ ấy liền bị mất giới Ưu-bà-tắc, hãy còn không
được Noãn-pháp, huống chi quả Tu-đà-hoàn cho đến quả A-na-hàm! Phạm lỗi nầy, tức
là hạng Ưu-bà-tắc phá giới, xấu xa, đê tiện, nhơ bẩn, kiết nghiệp. Ðây là trọng
pháp thứ hai, cần phải giữ.
Hàng Phật-tử tại-gia thọ giới rồi, dù gặp nhân duyên mất
mạng, cũng không được nói lời hư dối, như bảo: tôi đã được Bất-tịnh-quán, cho đến
quả A-na-hàm. Nếu gây tội đại vọng ngữ, kẻ ấy liền bị mất giới Ưu-bà-tắc, hãy
còn không được Noãn-pháp, huống chi quả Tu-đà-hoàn cho đến quả A-na-hàm! Phạm lỗi
nầy, tức là hạng Ưu-bà-tắc phá giới, xấu xa, đê tiện, nhơ bẩn, kiết nghiệp. Ðây
là trọng pháp thứ ba, cần phải giữ!
Hàng Phật-tử tại-gia đã thọ giới rồi, dù gặp nhân
duyên mất mạng, cũng không được tà dâm. Nếu tà dâm, kẻ ấy liền bị mất giới
Ưu-bà-tắc, hãy còn không được Noãn-pháp, huống chi quả Tu-đà-hoàn cho đến quả
A-na-hàm! Phạm lỗi nầy, tức là hạng Ưu-bà-tắc phá giới, xấu xa, đê tiện, nhơ bẩn,
kiết nghiệp. Ðây là trọng pháp thứ tư, cần phải giữ!
Hàng Phật-tử tại-gia đã thọ giới rồi, dù gặp nhân
duyên mất mạng, cũng không được rao nói những lỗi lầm của Tỷ-khưu, Tỷ-khưu-ni,
Ưu-bà-tắc, Ưu-bà-di. Nếu rao nói tội lỗi của tứ-chúng, kẻ ấy liền bị mất giới
Ưu-bà-tắc, hãy còn không được Noãn-pháp, huống chi quả Tu-đà-hoàn cho đến quả
A-na-hàm! Phạm lỗi nầy, tức là hạng Ưu-bà-tắc phá giới, xấu xa, đê tiện, nhơ bẩn,
kiết nghiệp. Ðây là trọng pháp thứ năm, cần phải giữ!
Hàng Phật-tử tại-gia đã thọ giới rồi, dù gặp nhân
duyên mất mạng, cũng không được uống rượu hoặc bán rượu. Nếu uống rượu bán rượu,
kẻ ấy liền bị mất giới Ưu-bà-tắc, hãy còn không được Noãn-pháp, huống chi quả
Tu-đà-hoàn cho đến quả A-na-hàm! Phạm lỗi nầy, tức là hạng Ưu-bà-tắc phá giới,
xấu xa, đê tiện, nhơ bẩn, kiết nghiệp. Ðây là trọng pháp thứ sáu, cần phải giữ!
Nầy Thiện-nam-tử! Nếu người thọ giới Ưu-bà-tắc có thể
chí tâm giữ gìn những điều mình đã lãnh thọ, không hủy phạm, tất sẽ được giới
quả như thế”. (Kinh Ưu-Bà-Tắc-Giới)
Như trên, kinh Ưu-Bà-Tắc-Giới đã thuyết minh rõ ràng về
tướng phá giới của hàng Phật-tử tại-gia. Có vị bảo: “Về giới sát, thì Ngũ-giới,
chỉ cuộc hạn trong loài người, Thập-giới và Cụ-giới đến loài Súc-sanh thông thường,
Bồ-Tát-giới mới đến loài trùng kiến. Nếu giới thứ nhất trong Ngũ-giới mà hạn chế
đến loài trùng kiến, thì hàng Phật-tử tại-gia không thể giữ được”. Lời ấy không
đúng, vì tất cả loài hữu-tình đều có sanh mạng, nếu giết hại, quyết định sẽ
mang ác báo. Như người chưa ăn chay trường được, có thể mua những vật đã chết
hoặc bị làm thịt rồi, không nên tự mình giết hay bảo người khác giết. Ðến như
loài ruồi muỗi trùng kiến, duy trừ trường hợp biết mà cố sát mới phạm giới, còn
ngộ sát thì chỉ cần ăn năn sám hối và từ sau để ý dè dặt thêm hơn, không thuộc
về lỗi hủy phạm.
Có kẻ nói: Hàng quân nhân Phật-tử có thể giữ giới sát
chăng? Xin thưa: Theo nghĩa phương tiện thì có thể được. Như thuở xưa,
Nguyên-Khuê thiền-sư ở Trung-Hoa sau khi đắc đạo, có thần Ðông-Nhạc đến xin thọ
Tam-quy Ngũ-giới. Lúc Ðại-sư truyền giới thứ nhất, Nhạc-thần thưa: “Đệ-tử cầm
quyền cai trị cả một vùng, nếu kẻ thuộc hạ phạm tội nặng mà không gia hình, thì
làm sao duy trì kỷ luật?” Ðại-sư đáp: “Không phải thế đâu! Chỉ đừng nên lạm sát
mà thôi”! Nhạc thần thưa: “Như vậy, đệ-tử có thể giữ được”. Thế thì cứ theo
nghĩa phương tiện, vì thi hành bổn phận, vì sự bất đắc dĩ không quyết tâm lạm
sát, hàng quân nhân Phật-tử có thể giữ được giới thứ nhất.
Suy rộng ra, như trong kinh Niết-Bàn, khi tiền thân là
một vị quốc-vương, đức Thích-Ca vì bảo vệ chánh-pháp để lợi ích cho chúng-sanh
mà giết viên đại-thần. Và trong một đoạn kinh khác, cũng thuở tiền thân làm một
vị thuyền chủ tên Ðại-Bi, Ðức Thích-Ca lại vì cứu năm trăm mạng thương khách mà
giết mười sáu tướng cướp biển. Cả hai trường hợp đó, Đức Phật đều bảo rằng nhờ
thế mà Ngài được tiêu tội sanh phước, mau đắc quả A-Nậu-Đa-La-Tam-Miệu-Tam-Bồ-Ðề.
Cho nên, đúng theo lẽ thật của trí huệ và bi tâm lợi tha, có những trường hợp
tuy sát sanh nhưng không phải phá giới mà chính là trì giới, và còn được tiêu
nghiệp thêm phước. Nhưng đó là trí phương tiện và việc làm của Bồ-Tát, ta đừng
nên đem tâm thô thiển vội y cứ theo mà phóng ý sát sanh. Sở dĩ bút giả dẫn việc
trên ra, là muốn biểu dương nghĩa rộng lớn của Phật-pháp, để cho người thọ giới
đừng chấp định theo hình thức hay một phương diện nào của giới pháp, mà sanh
tâm băn khoăn nghi ngại thế thôi.
Như Đức Phật đã nói: khi còn là chúng-sanh thì tất cả đều có lỗi lầm. Hàng xuất-gia nếu chưa đắc đạo, cũng vẫn còn trong vòng chi phối của phiền não. Nhất là vào thời mạt-pháp nầy, bậc chân tu rất ít, người khuyết phạm lại nhiều. Vậy tất cả những người con Phật nên gìn lòng trung thứ, từ bi, xét lỗi mình, dung lỗi người, tìm phương tiện sửa chữa nâng đỡ cho nhau; đừng nên rêu rao nói lỗi của tứ-chúng. Bởi làm như thế, là bên trong đã tự gieo rắc hạt giống xấu ác của ghét khinh thù hận, bên ngoài làm tổn não người, ngăn trở hảo tâm của kẻ muốn học đạo, tạo nghiệp phá hủy Phật-pháp. Vì vậy, Đức Phật đã ghép tội rao nói lỗi của tứ-chúng vào một trong sáu trọng pháp. Thế mà, có những Phật-tử vì thiếu học hiểu suy xét, vì tự ái cao mạn, hoặc vì bè phái riêng, rêu rao những việc lỗi lầm chưa biết thật hay hư của chư tăng ni cùng người đồng đạo; như vậy có xứng đáng là con của đấng Ðiều-Ngự chăng?
Xin đem lòng trung thực
nêu ra đây lời nhắc nhở chung cho tất cả người học Phật, để đồng nhơn tránh những
khổ báo ở hiện tại và tương lai.
Ðạo Nho có Tam-cang Ngũ-thường, đạo Phật có Tam-quy Ngũ-giới. Về năm giới, nếu so sánh đôi bên, thì không sát sanh là nhân, không trộm cướp là nghĩa, không tà dâm là lễ, không nói dối là tín, không uống rượu là trí. Kẻ nho sĩ nếu cang thường chẳng vẹn thì không đủ thành nhân; hàng Phật-tử như quy giới chẳng tròn, không những đã hư phẩm cách, mà kiếp sau còn mất thân người (Ngũ-giới bất toàn, nhơn thiên lộ tuyệt).
Ðức Phật chế ra
giới vốn y cứ trên tâm từ bi, trí huệ, bình đẳng, mục đích đem lại an vui trật tự
cho cá nhân, gia đình, xã hội, và làm lợi ích cho tất cả chúng sanh. Ngài chỉ
đưa ra lẽ phải cùng sự lợi hại, để mỗi người tự chọn lựa lấy, chứ không bắt buộc
ai phải triệt để tuân theo. Chỗ đặc điểm của Phật-giáo, chính ở nơi Đức Phật
không phải là một đấng uy quyền độc tôn, tự ý giữ phần thưởng phạt. Bởi theo đạo
Phật, một hành động, lời nói hoặc ý nghĩ tốt hay xấu, tự nó đã mang theo ảnh hưởng
vui khổ, hay phần thưởng phạt rồi. Vậy Ðức Thích-Ca chỉ là một vị hướng dẫn
sáng suốt, còn kết quả vui khổ chính ở nơi người biết chọn đường.
Năm giới sau
đây tuy dường đơn sơ, nhưng nó lại là căn bản của các giới. Nếu giữ tròn Ngũ-giới,
hành giả sẽ duy trì được thiện căn, không mất thân trời, người và đã có nền tảng
để bước lên các nấc thang cao như Thập-giới, Cụ-túc giới, Bồ-Tát giới, cho đến quả
Vô-thượng-bồ-đề.
Bốn tiết trong
bản chương, hai tiết đầu lược thuyết về sự lợi hại cùng nghi thức thuộc Ngũ-giới,
có lẽ phần đông Phật-tử đã khái niệm được. Ðến như hai tiết kế nói về sự đắc giới,
phá giới, thì người học Phật cần nên lưu tâm, vì đây là phần thực hành, thuộc về
điểm tối quan trọng.
Phật Học Tinh Yếu
Hòa Thượng Thích Thiền Tâm
Flower ornament meditation : Observation of the "net of Indra" principle,
seeing all things as interrelated, seeing the unity of being.
Four bases of spiritual powers :
(1 ) Will, or desire;
(2) energetic effort;
(3) concentration;
(4) meditation.
These are bases of
higher psychic developments.
Four demons : Major sources of distraction and
delusion: the demon of afflictions, the demon of the clusters, the demon of
death, and the "celestial demon" of the conceptual faculty controlled
by desire.
Various Types of Demons
The author had just finished drafting the previous three sections when he was visited by a Dharma master who requested him to elaborate on the different types of demons for the benefit of fellow-cultivators. In the three previous sections he has, in fact, given a general explanation of the different realms, including those of demons. If the cultivator has understood the main idea, he can keep his mind undisturbed and counteract all harmful occurrences. However, to comply with this request, the author will describe the different types of demons in greater detail, as follows.
"Demons" are called "mara" in Sanskrit. In Chinese, the word has the connotation of "murderer" because demons usually plunder the virtues and murder the wisdom-life of cultivators. "Demons" also represent the destructive conditions or influences that cause practitioners to retrogress in their cultivation. Demons can render cultivators insane, making them lose their right thought, develop erroneous views, commit evil karma and end up sunk in the lower realms.
Those activities which develop virtue and wisdom and lead sentient beings to Nirvana are called Buddha work. Those activities which destroy good roots, causing sentient beings to suffer and revolve in the cycle of Birth and Death, are called demonic actions. The longer a practitioner cultivates, and the higher his level of attainment, the more he discovers how wicked, cunning and powerful the demons are. Although there are numerous demons, they can be divided into three types: demons of afflictions, external demons and celestial demons.
Demons of afflictions
These demons represent the afflictions of greed, anger, resentment, delusion, contempt, doubt and wrong views. They also include the demons of the Five Skandas, the Six Entrances, the Twelve Sense Fields and the Eighteen Elements. These demons are also called "internal" as they are created by topsy-turvy, delusive states of mind. Therefore, they must be overcome by the bright, enlightened mind.
The human mind is easily moved, developing afflictions not only because of personal karma but also because of the common karma of living in an environment filled to a great extent with beings subject to evil karma. Some persons cannot resist the attractions of the five Dusts and thus fall into evil ways. Others, encountering adverse conditions, grow sad and mournful and lose their determination to progress. Such developments, depending on their severity, render the cultivator despondent, indignant and ill, or worse still, cause him to abandon the Buddhist Order or even to commit suicide out of despair. More harmful still, they can lead to loss of respect and good will toward other cultivators, sometimes even hatred and avoidance of clergy and lay people alike. Loss of faith in cause and effect, bad karma and finally, descent upon the three Evil Paths are the end result.
To counteract these demons, the practitioner should reflect that all afflictions are illusory, upsetting, suffocating, binding, evil and conducive only to suffering for both himself and others. To eliminate afflictions is to return to the True Mind, free and liberated, fresh and tranquil, bright and clear, happy and at peace, transcendental and wondrous. The cultivator should also meditate in the same way on all attachments, from the Five Skandas to the Eighteen Elements. In the Lotus Sutra, Sakyamuni Buddha said:
You should not be greedy and attached to gross and vile forms, sound, smell, taste, touch and dharmas. If you do, they will burn you up.
The Bodhisattva Manjusri once asked a female deity, "How do you see the Eighteen Elements?" The deity replied, "They are similar to the conic fire burning up the whole world." These are words of warning, reminding us to eliminate the demons of afflictions.
If the demons of afflictions (internal demons) are not subdued, they will attract "external demons" which wreak havoc. The ancients have said:
If behind the door there are mean-spirited people, mean-spirited people will arrive at the door; if behind the door there are virtuous, superior people, noble superior people will arrive at the door.
Furthermore, when thieves try to enter a house through the side door, if the owner calmly scolds them in a loud voice, they will naturally be frightened and leave. If, on the other hand, he is terrified and panic-stricken, and begs them to desist, he will unwittingly be inviting them into his house.
External demons
"External demons" take the form of various spirits, ghosts and deities. Once the cultivator has reached a certain level of attainment, he will be subject to demonic disturbances which will put him to the test. External demons may be divided into three groups.
1. Terrorizing Demons
These are ghosts that like to frighten and terrorize people. They usually take the form of tigers, wolves, deadly serpents, poisonous snakes or other ferocious beasts or hallucinatory, diabolic apparitions to scare the cultivator. Their forms change ad infinitum. They may have no head or many heads, many hands, many eyes, or a half-human, half-bestial body. They may brandish weapons or spit fire. If the practitioner is frightened, he loses his right thought and often goes insane.
Faced with these occurrences, we should reflect that all forms and marks are illusory, and that demons can only destroy the illusory body, not the True Mind. Meditating this way, we should remain calm and unafraid of death, peacefully concentrating on Buddha or Mantra Recitation. The demons will then retreat of their own accord.
2. Demons of Lust and Attachment
These are a type of demon which excites a range of emotions, from lust to delusive attachment to the realm of the five Dusts [i.e., this world]. They take the appearance of alluring, nude men and women or of parents, siblings or close relatives, as well as of Buddhas and Bodhisattvas with beautiful, adorned features, in order to entice the practitioner. If he is fond of good food, these demons bring him succulent, fragrant dishes. If he likes diamonds or gold, they take the appearance of strange animals holding precious stones in their mouths as offerings. They cause whatever the practitioner desires to appear. They can also use their psychic power to lead him into evil samadhi, evil wisdom and eloquence, giving him the mystic power to know the past and the future.
Those who do not understand will mistake these occurrences for evidence that the practitioner has attained Enlightenment, and thus believe in and trust him. In reality, however, the cultivator's mind is upside down and he spends all his time engaging in errant, demonic practices to deceive others.
Once there was a Vietnamese monk cultivating at a deserted temple in Laos. In one of his meditation sessions, he saw a group of beautiful, ethereal women, all naked, holding hands and dancing around. The monk, unable to calm his agitated mind, immediately recited the Buddha's name in all earnestness. Only then did this scene disappear.
Another story: Once, in China, there was a monk seated in meditation. Because he was cold and hungry, the thought of food arose in his mind. He suddenly saw a woman presenting him with an offering of food. The woman knelt, put food in his bowl, and respectfully asked him to eat immediately, before the food grew cold and lost all taste. The monk, being hungry wanted to eat at once but remembering that it was not yet noon [the prescribed mealtime for monks and nuns], he patiently told her to put the bowl aside for the time being. The woman left, appearing angry and upset. Some time later, at noon, he uncovered the bowl to discover that it was full of worms, crawling all around. He then understood that his false thought of food had attracted the demonic apparitions. Thanks to his power of concentration, however limited, he avoided consuming the dirty food and violating the precept against killing.
Yet another story concerns a Zen monk who practiced in a deserted mountain area. Lonely and isolated, he had a deluded thought, wishing to have some fellow-cultivators practicing along with him to make life more bearable. Immediately, an old woman appeared from nowhere, leading two beautiful young girls by the hand, who, she said, lived in the village down in the valley. They had come, they claimed, to seek guidance in the Way. The monk, unsuspicious, immediately gave a Dharma talk to the group. One day, after many such visits over a period of time, the old woman respectfully requested that the two girls be allowed to become attendants to the monk and relieve him of his daily chores. The monk, hearing this, became suspicious. He reprimanded the old woman severely and refused the offer. The three women left, apparently angry and ashamed.
The monk, intrigued, followed them discreetly until they disappeared around a bend in the road. When he reached the spot, he found it was a dead end with no habitation or anything else around, except for three very old trees, one big tree and two smaller ones. He thought it over and realized that he had been "tested." A fleeting thought occurred to him, that he should cut down the trees, start a bonfire, and burn them to the ground. At that moment, the three women reappeared, repentant, begging him to forgive them and spare their lives.
Therefore, the cultivator should remember: when the mind is still, all realms are calm; when delusion arises, demons are born.
3. Nuisance Demons
This type of demon concentrates on harassing and disturbing the practitioner. There is a certain species of spirits and ghosts which can be subdivided into many types, each appearing at a fixed time of the day. In general, each hour has three types of spirits ... For example, during the period between seven and nine in the morning, they take the appearance of dragons, fish and serpent-like creatures.
In his commentary Samatha and Vipasyana for Beginners, the Patriarch Chih-I mentioned a type of demon with a face like a pear-shaped lute, four eyes and two mouths, which enjoys disturbing cultivators. Waiting for the individual to begin practice, it takes the form of worms or tiny insects and crawls all over his head and face, penetrates into his mouth, nose, eyes and ears, or goes under his armpits or belly to sting him. At other times it shouts loudly into the practitioner's ears, creating a great disturbance and giving him a headache; or it suddenly embraces him tightly. If the practitioner attempts to seize it in return, nothing is there. This type of nuisance demon also causes scenes of the five Dusts to appear, either favorable or unfavorable, or neither favorable nor unfavorable. Such transformations are countless and can cause the practitioner to become agitated. As he does not know what to make of all this, he loses his concentration. The general way to subdue these nuisance demons is to "gather" the mind in correct samadhi, or diligently recite mantras or the Buddha's name -- they will then all disappear.
Speaking more broadly, the category of "external demons" also includes demons belonging to externalist cults and other false or quasi-Buddhist sects. According to the observations of this author and many of his colleagues, practitioners who have belonged to cults in this or previous lives but have now converted to Buddhism, as well as those who are themselves Buddhists but who come from families formerly active in other faiths and cults, tend to be bothered by external demons. This is because the cultivation methods of externalists are within the realm of worldly afflictions and are tainted with pride, ego attachment, power and fame. Therefore, they stick together and do not want people connected with them in some way to follow other teachings.
A case in point is a friend of the author, a Buddhist monk of gentle and peaceful disposition, who was continuously disturbed by externalist demons during his cultivation. Unfortunately, because of his "externalist" past seeds, he did not apply the Dharma wholeheartedly, but went instead from place to place, seeking help from externalists. In the end, he strayed completely from Buddhism. While taking the outside appearance of a Buddhist monk, he spent all his time "balancing energy currents" while denigrating such practices as bowing to the Buddhas and reciting sutras as attachments to forms. Thus, those who were once affiliated with externalist faiths and later returned to the Dharma, should reflect on this example and be cautious.
Celestial Demons
This refers to the type of demon that resides in the Sixth Heaven, also called the Heaven of Free Enjoyment of Others' Emanations. This type of demon possesses merits and blessings and enjoys the highest heavenly bliss in the Realm of Desire [of which our world is but a small part]. They then mistake such happiness and bliss as ultimate, and do not wish anyone to escape their influence.
When a practitioner has attained a fairly high level of cultivation, his mind-light develops and shines up to the realm of the Sixth Heaven. It is then discovered by the celestial demons, who seek ways to sabotage his cultivation. Such action can take many forms, threatening or cajoling, or even helping the practitioner attain false samadhi, "wisdom" and spiritual power, with the aim of ultimately deceiving him. These demons take turns watching the practitioner constantly and without interruption, waiting for the opportune moment. If the practitioner has a delusive thought, they pounce on him or steer him toward things contrary to the Way. The practitioner's entire lifetime of cultivation is then over, for all practical purposes.
In his Awakening of the Faith Treatise, the Patriarch Asvaghosha admonished:
There may be some disciples whose root of merit is not yet mature, whose control of mind is weak and whose power of application is limited -- and yet who are sincere in their purpose to seek enlightenment -- these for a time may be beset and bewildered by maras and evil influences who are seeking to break down their good purpose.
Such disciples, seeing seductive sights, attractive girls, strong young men, must constantly remind themselves that all such tempting and alluring things are mind-made, and, if they do this, their tempting power will disappear and they will no longer be annoyed. Or, if they have visions of heavenly gods and Bodhisattvas and Buddhas surrounded by celestial glories, they should remind themselves that these, too, are mind-made and unreal. Or, if they should be uplifted and excited by listening to mysterious Dharanis, to lectures upon the paramitas, to elucidations of the great principles of the Mahayana, they must remind themselves that these also are emptiness and mind-made, that in their essence they are Nirvana itself. Or, if they should have intimations within that they have attained transcendental powers, recalling past lives, or fore-seeing future lives, or, reading others' thoughts, or freedom to visit other Buddha-lands, or great powers of eloquence, all of [these] may tempt them to become covetous for worldly power and riches and fame. Or, they may be tempted by extremes of emotion, at times angry, at other times joyous, or at times very kind-hearted and compassionate, at other times the very opposite, or at times alert and purposeful, at other times indolent and stupid, at times full of faith and zealous in their practice, at other times engrossed in other affairs and negligent.
All of will keep them vacillating, at times experiencing a kind of fictitious samadhi, such as the heretics boast of, but not the true samadhi. Or later, when they are quite advanced become absorbed in trances for a day, or two, or even seven, not partaking of any food but upheld by inward food of their spirit, being admired by their friends and feeling very comfortable and proud and complacent, and then later becoming very erratic, sometimes eating little, sometimes greedily, and the expression of their face constantly changing.
Because of all such strange manifestations and developments in the course of their practices, disciples should be on their guard to keep the mind under constant control. They should neither grasp after nor become attached to the passing and unsubstantial things of the senses or concepts and moods of the mind. If they do this they will be able to keep far away from the hindrances of karma.
In summary and as a further generalization, there are only two types of demon, internal and external. Celestial demons are within the category of external demons; however, I have described them separately to alert the practitioner to the dangerous, subtle havoc they can cause. In addition to the demons of afflictions, external demons and celestial demons described above, Buddhist sutras also mention "disease demons" and the "demon of death." A bout of disease will usually wither the practitioner's efforts, while death in the midst of cultivation can make him retrogress. Thus, disease and death are called demons. In general, they represent obstacles to the Way that affect the physical body, but they cannot harm and destroy the Bodhi Mind in the true sense of the word "demon." For this reason, they are only mentioned in passing, but not elaborated upon here.
Considering the level of cultivation of today's practitioners, they generally face harassment only from demons of afflictions or external demons. Such cultivators are not advanced enough to arouse opposition from celestial demons. However, should the latter set their minds to destroying someone, that person has little hope of escaping harm, unless his cultivation is exemplary.
In the Surangama Sutra, Buddha Sakyamuni, out of compassion for cultivators faced with many dangers along the Way, advised those who practiced meditation to recite mantras at the same time. This would enable them to rely on the power of the Buddhas to escape harm from demons and achieve correct samadhi.
The Patriarch Yin Kuang once said:
At first glance, it would appear that the Surangama Sutra has a different viewpoint from Pure Land. However, upon closer scrutiny, that Sutra, in its essence, actually praised and commended the Pure Land School. Why is this so? It is because, if even those who have attained the third level of sagehood can suffer retrogression caused by demons, we can see the crucial importance of Buddha Recitation and rebirth in the Pure Land: in the "gathering" and helping light of the Lord Amitabha Buddha, there is no more danger of demons.
While treading the Way but not yet reborn in the Pure Land, the practitioner of Buddha Recitation may also encounter demonic obstacles. However, in most cases, this is because he does not understand the Dharma and is not skillful at reining in his mind -- letting internal demons spring up, which, in turn, attract external demons. If he can keep his mind empty and still and recite the Buddha's name, external demons will be powerless and afflictions will gradually disappear. Thus, for the Pure Land practitioner, even if demonic obstacles do appear, they are few in number.
Zen practitioners, on the other hand, face many demonic occurrences because they rely only on their own strength and self-power. A Zen follower should fulfill the following five conditions to be successful: first, he should keep the precepts strictly; secondly, his nature and roots should be "quick" and enlightened; thirdly, he should have a clear understanding of the Dharma, skillfully distinguishing the correct from the deviant, the true from the false; fourthly, he should be firm and stable in his determination; and fifthly, he should be guided by a good advisor, who has a thorough understanding of the sutras and many years experience in meditation. If the practitioner does not meet these five conditions, he is very easily subject to harm from demons.
The ancients have said that "in Zen practice, there are many opportunities to go astray." Therefore, to be successful in meditation, it is necessary to possess superior capacities and intelligence. High-level Zen Masters of the past, in transmitting the Dharma to their disciples, would repeatedly warn them:
Be careful not to accept as a disciple anyone who does not have the deepest good roots and the highest capacities.
These words should serve as proof enough of the above observation.
In the Awakening of the Faith Treatise after summarizing the essential points of Mahayana doctrine and explaining the path of cultivation, the Patriarch Asvaghosha added:
Next, suppose there is a man who learns this teaching for the first time and wishes to seek the correct faith but lacks courage and strength. Because he lives in this world of suffering, he fears that he will not always be able to meet the Buddhas and honor them personally, and that faith being difficult to perfect, he will be inclined to fall back.
He should know that the Tathagathas have an excellent expedient means by which they can protect his faith: that is, through the strength of wholehearted meditation-recitation on the Buddha [Amitabha], he will in fulfillment of his wishes be able to be born in the Buddha-land beyond, to see the Buddha always, and to be forever separated from the evil states of existence.
It is as the sutra says: "If a man meditates wholly on Amitabha Buddha in the world of the Western Paradise and wishes to be born in that world, directing all the goodness he has cultivated toward that goal, then he will be born there." Because he will see the Buddha at all times, he will never fall back ..., he will be able to be born there in the end because he abides in the correct samadhi.
As explained above, diligent Buddha Recitation is a wonderful expedient to escape demonic dangers and swiftly attain correct samadhi.
Niệm Phật Thập Yếu
Hòa Thượng Thích Thiền-Tâm
Four Fearlessnesses : Four kinds of expertise, or infallibility, or confidence peculiar to Buddhas. In the
Chinese tradition these are understood as freedom from fear of contradiction,
or confidence, in realizing all truths; in awareness of extinction of all
contaminations; in definitive description of all obstacles to enlightenment;
and in accuracy of realization of all ways to emancipation. Indian tradition
refers to these as types of expertise. There are also four kinds of expertise
proper to enlightening beings: expertise in memory and explana tion of
teachings heard; expertise in protecting others by virtue of purity of thought,
word, and deed, with nothing in one's conduct harmful to others, this being
attained as a result of realization of selflessness; rightly taking up the
Teaching without heedlessness, attaining ultimate wisdom and skillfulness,
liberating sentient beings, causing joy to all who see the enlightening being,
and clearing away obstructions to enlightenment; and never forgetting the
thought ofomniscience, not seeking emancipation by any other way, attaining
full mastery and benefiting sentient beings in all ways. (Also fourfold fearlessness)
Four formless
concentrations : Absorption in the
infinity of space, the
infinity of consciousness, the
infinity of nothingness, and in neither perception nor nonperception. (Also
fourformless attainments)
Four fruits of ascesis : The four stages of the
vehicle of listeners; stream-enterers, once-returners, nonreturners, and saints
.
Four gross physical
elements : Earth, water, fire,
air; these represent
the material body and are used in
contemplation of physical disintegration, to view the body as an object rather
than a self, to develop dispassion.
Four immeasurable states of mind : Immeasurable
kindness, compassion, joy, and equanimity; cultivated by enlightened beings.
Four intellectual powers : Knowledge of doctrines (or phenomenal facts and principles) , meanings, phraseology, and appropriate expression. Also called the four powers of understanding and the four special knowledges, these are analytic and expository powers exercised in preaching and teaching. The four general aspects of enlightened knowledge are: mirrorlike knowledge (unbiased perception of things as they are, like a mirror that reflects impartially without grasping or rejecting) ; knowledge of essential equality (realization of the emptiness of absolute reality of all things); differentiating knowledge (distinguishing the relative characteristics of things); practical knowledge (involved in the accomplishment of tasks).
Four means of integration : Generosity, kind speech,
beneficial action, cooperation; also called means of salvation, these are means
by which enlightening beings integrate with the world and also integrate people
into a buddha-land.
Four meditations : Four stages of meditation, each having several characteristic elements:
(1) focused awareness, precise thought, joy, bliss, single-mindedness;
(2) inner purity, joy, bliss, single-mindedness;
(3) equanimity, mindfulness, precise knowledge, bliss, single-mindedness;
(4)
neither pain nor pleasure, equanimity, mindfulness, single-mindedness.
Four points of mindfulness : Contemplation of the body
as impure, sensation as irritating, mind as impermanent and unstable, and
things as ungraspable and identityless, these are used to develop detachment.
Đối Trị Dục Nhiễm
Các phiền não về tham không ngoài sự đắm nhiễm ngũ dục lục trần. Từ cội gốc tham, sanh ra các chi tiết xấu khác như: bỏn sẻn, ganh ghét, lường gạt giả dối... gọi là “tùy phiền não”. Ngũ dục, chỉ cho năm món nhiễm gồm: sắc dục, tiền của, quyền danh, ăn mặc, ngủ nghỉ. Lục trần là: sắc, thanh, hương, vị, xúc, pháp. Trong lục trần đã thâu nhiếp ngũ dục, nhưng sở dĩ lập riêng danh từ ngũ dục, là muốn nêu ra năm món nhiễm nặng của chúng sanh trong cảnh lục trần. Lục trần nói với tánh cách bao quát, ngũ dục với tánh cách đặc biệt. Nơi đây nói thêm lục trần là để chỉ cho các thứ nhiễm khác mà trong ngũ dục không có như: thích âm nhạc ca hát, mê tiểu thuyết nhảm nhí v.v...
Khi tâm tham nhiễm ngũ dục lục trần khởi động, cách đối trị tổng quát, là nên quán sát thuần thục bốn lý: Bất Tịnh, Khổ, Vô Thường, Vô Ngã.
1. "BẤT TỊNH" là chỉ cho THÂN không sạch, TÂM không sạch, và CẢNH không sạch.
Thân không sạch, là phải quán xét thân ta và người bên ngoài nhờ có lớp da che giấu, bên trong chỉ toàn những thứ hôi tanh nhơ nhớp như: thịt, xương, máu, mủ, đờm, dãi, phẩn, nước tiểu v.v... Đã thế mà các thứ nhơ nhớp bên trong còn bài tiết ra cửu khiếu bên ngoài. Suy xét kỹ, sắc thân của chúng sanh không có chi đáng ưa thích.
Tâm không sạch, là khi tâm sanh tham nhiễm tất nó đã thành xấu xa nhơ bợn, chẳng khác chi hồ nước trong bị cáu bùn làm bẩn đục. Hồ nước đục không thể soi bóng sắc cây núi trời mây, tâm nhơ bợn mất hết thần thông trí huệ. Nên nhớ câu:
Biết tu hành chớ phí uổng công.
Tâm bình tịnh thần thông trí huệ!
Người đã phát nguyện bước lên đường tu, phải lập chí lần lần dứt trừ tâm phiền não nhiễm dục từ thô đến tế.
Cảnh không sạch, là cảnh giới cõi ngũ trược này dẫy đầy bùn đất, đá sỏi, chông gai, lại dung chứa vô số chúng sanh từ thân đến tâm đều nhơ bợn. Cho nên cảnh Uế Độ này không có chi đáng say mê tham luyến.
2. "KHỔ" là chỉ cho THÂN khổ, TÂM khổ và CẢNH khổ.
Thân khổ, là thân này đã nhơ nhớp, lại bị sự sanh già bịnh chết, nóng lạnh, đói khát, vất vả cực nhọc chi phối, làm cho khổ sở không được tự tại an vui.
Tâm khổ, là khi tâm ta khởi phiền não, tất bị lửa phiền não thiêu đốt, giây phiền não trói buộc, roi phiền não đánh đuổi sai khiến, khói bụi phiền não làm tăm tối nhiễm ô. Cho nên người nào khởi phiền não tất kẻ đó thiếu trí huệ, vì tự làm khổ mình trước nhứt.
Cảnh khổ, là cảnh này nắng lửa mưa dầu, chúng sanh vất vả trong cuộc mưu sinh, mỗi ngày ta thấy trước mắt diễn đầy những hiện trạng nhọc nhằn bi thảm.
3. "VÔ THƯỜNG" là THÂN vô thường, TÂM vô thường và CẢNH vô thường.
Thân vô thường là thân này mau tàn tạ, dễ suy già rồi kết cuộc sẽ phải đi đến cái chết. Người xưa đã than:
Nhớ thuở còn thơ dong ngựa trúc.
Thoát trông nay tóc điểm màu sương.
Mưu lược dõng mãnh như Văn Chủng, Ngũ Tữ Tư; sắc đẹp dễ say người như Tây Thi, Trịnh Đán, kết cuộc:
Hồng nhan già xấu, anh hùng mất.
Đôi mắt thư sinh cũng mỏi buồn.
Tâm vô thường, là tâm niệm chúng sanh thay đổi luôn luôn, khi thương giận, lúc vui buồn. Những niệm ấy xét ra huyễn hư như bọt nước.
Cảnh vô thường, là chẳng những hoàn cảnh xung quanh ta hằng đổi thay biến chuyển, mà sự vui cũng vô thường. Món ăn dù ngon, qua cổ họng rồi thành không; cuộc sum họp dù đầm ấm, kết cuộc cũng phải chia tan; buổi hát vui rồi sẽ vãng; quyển sách hay, lần lượt cũng đến trang cuối cùng.
4. "VÔ NGÃ" nghĩa là không có ta, không tự thể, tự chủ. Điều này cũng gồm có THÂN vô ngã, TÂM vô ngã và CẢNH vô ngã.
Thân vô ngã là thân này hư huyễn không tự chủ, ta chẳng thể làm cho nó trẻ mãi, không già chết. Dù cho bậc thiên tiên cũng chỉ lưu trụ được sắc thân trong một thời hạn nào thôi.
Tâm vô ngã, chỉ cho tâm hư vọng của chúng sanh không có tự thể; như tâm tham nhiễm, niệm buồn giận thương vui thoạt đến rồi tan, không có chi là chân thật.
Cảnh vô ngã là cảnh giới xung quanh ta như huyễn mộng, nó không tự chủ được, và bị sự sanh diệt chi phối. Đô thị đổi ra gò hoang, ruộng dâu hóa thành biển cả, vạn vật luôn luôn biến chuyển trong từng giây phút, cảnh này ẩn mất, cảnh khác hiện lên.
Khi quán xét từ thân tâm đến cảnh giới đều bất tịnh, khổ, vô thường, vô ngã, hành giả sẽ dứt trừ được tâm tham nhiễm. Bởi chúng sanh thiếu mất trí huệ, thường sống trong sự điên đảo, không sạch cho là sạch, khổ cho là vui, vô thường cho là thường, vô ngã cho là ngã, rồi sanh ra mê say đắm nhiễm, nên đức Phật dạy phải dùng bốn pháp này để quán phá bốn sự điên đảo đó. Chẳng hạn như phẩn uế, ta cho là thối tha nhơ nhớp, nhưng loài chó lợn vì nghiệp mê nhiễm, thấy là thơm sạch ngon, nên đua nhau tranh giành. Sự dục nhiễm ở nhơn gian, loài người cho là vui sạch đáng ưa thích, nhưng chư thiên cho là hôi tanh nhơ nhớp, chẳng khác chi ta thấy loài chó ,lợn ăn đồ ô uế. Sự dục nhiễm của chúng sanh rất si mê điên đảo đại khái là như thế, nên người tu phải cố gắng lần lượt phá trừ.
How to Combat and Subdue Lust and Desire
Afflictions stemming from greed, while numerous, are all included within the defilements of the "five desires" and the "six Dusts." From the root of greed stem other evil afflictions, such as stinginess, envy, hate, fraud, deceit ... known as secondary afflictions. The "five desires" refers to the five defilements, that is, the desire for beautiful forms, wealth and money, fame and power, exquisite food and elegant attire, rest and sleep. The "six Dusts" are form, sound, scent, taste, touch and dharmas .
The six Dusts encompass the five desires; however, the term "five desires was created as a separate expression to stress the five heavy defilements of human beings in the realm of the "six Dusts." The concept "six Dusts" is used when speaking in general, while the expression "five desires" refers to specific afflictions. I employ the term "six Dusts" here to cover other defilements not included in the five desires, such as excessive fondness for music and songs as well as infatuation with romances, novels, etc ...
When the five desires and six Dusts flare up, the general way to counteract them is through skillful visualization of four truths: Impurity, Suffering, Impermanence, and No-Self.
1. Impurity
This means that the body is impure, the mind is impure and the realm is impure. Impurity of the body means that we should reflect on the fact that beneath the covering layers of skin, our bodies and those of others are composed entirely of filthy, smelly substances such as meat, bones, blood, pus, phlegm, saliva, excrement, urine, etc. Not only that, body fluids are excreted through nine apertures (mouth, ears, nose, anus, etc.). If we stop to think carefully, the physical body of sentient beings is hardly worth cherishing.
Impurity of the mind means that once the mind develops thoughts of greed, it has already become evil and defiled, not unlike a limpid pond that has been polluted with dirt and sludge. The dirty pond cannot reflect the images of trees, mountains, sky, clouds; likewise, a polluted mind has lost all spiritual powers and wisdom. Thus, we have the saying:
One who knows how to cultivate does not waste his efforts; peaceful, still mind will bring spiritual powers and wisdom.
Those who are determined to tread the Way should endeavor gradually to sever the mind of afflictions, polluted by greed in its gross and subtle aspects.
The impure realm is the world of the Five Turbidities, full of dirt and mud, rocks and stones, spikes and thorns, which harbors countless sentient beings defiled in body and mind. Therefore, this impure world is not worth craving or clinging to.
2. Suffering
This refers to the fact that the body undergoes suffering, the mind endures suffering and the environment is one of suffering. The suffering of the body means that our body is not only impure, it is subject to birth, old age, disease and death, as well as to heat and cold, hunger and thirst and other hardships that cause us to suffer, preventing us from being free and happy.
The suffering of the mind means that when the mind is afflicted, it is necessarily consumed by the fire of afflictions, bound by the ropes of afflictions, struck, pursued and ordered about by the whip of afflictions, defiled and obscured by the smoke and dust of afflictions. Thus, whoever develops afflictions is lacking in wisdom, because the first person he has caused to suffer is himself.
The suffering of the environment means that this earth is subject to the vagaries of the weather, scorching heat, frigid cold and pouring rain, while sentient beings must toil and suffer day in and day out to earn a living. Tragedies occur every day, before our very eyes.
3. Impermanence
This means impermanence of the body, the mind and the environment. Impermanence of the body means that the body withers rapidly, soon grows old and debilitated, ending in death. The ancients have lamented:
Oh, that time when we were young and would ride bamboo sticks, pretending they were horses, In the twinkling of an eye, our hair is now spotted with the color of frost.
What happened to all those brave and intelligent young men and those beautiful and enchanting women of bygone days? They ended as in the following poem:
Rosy cheeks have faded, heroes have passed away, Young students' eyes, too, are weary and sad.
Impermanence of the mind means that the mind and thoughts of sentient beings are always changing -- at times filled with love or anger, at times happy or sad. Those thoughts, upon close scrutiny, are illusory and false, like water bubbles.
Impermanence of the environment means that not only do our surroundings always change and fluctuate, but happiness, too, is impermanent. Succulent food, once swallowed, loses all taste; an emotional reunion, however sweet and joyful, ultimately ends in separation; a delightful party soon becomes a thing of the past; a good book, too, gradually reaches the last page.
4. No-Self
This means that there is no self, no permanent nature per se and that we are not true masters of ourselves. This point, too, is divided into the no-self body, the no-self mind and the no-self environment.
The "no-self body" means that this body is illusory, not its own master. It cannot be kept eternally young or prevented from decaying and dying. Even gods and "Immortals" can only postpone death for a certain period of time.
The "no-self mind" refers to the deluded mind of sentient beings, which has no permanent nature. For example, the mind of greed, thoughts of sadness, anger, love and happiness suddenly arise and then disappear; there is nothing real.
The "no-self environment" means that our surroundings are illusory, passive and subject to birth and decay. Cities and towns are in time replaced by abandoned mounds, mulberry fields soon give way to the open seas, every single thing changes and fluctuates by the second, one landscape disappears and another takes its place.
Visualizing that everything, from body and mind to the environment, is impure, subject to suffering, impermanent and without self, the practitioner can rid himself of the mind of greed. Sentient beings, lacking wisdom, always live upside down; they mistake the impure for the pure, suffering for happiness, impermanence for permanence, no-self for self. They then develop delusions and become degraded and defiled. Therefore, Buddha Sakyamuni taught sentient beings the Four Truths, to sever their delusions.
For example, the human excrement that we consider fetid and dirty is regarded as fragrant, clean and succulent by animals such as insects, dogs and pigs -- because of their deluded karma. They therefore compete and struggle to gobble it up. The defiled desires of this world are considered by humans as lovely and clean. However, the gods and Immortals see them as foul-smelling, dirty and unclean, not unlike the way human beings regard dogs and pigs eating filthy substances. The various desires of sentient beings, defiled and upside down, are generally thus. The practitioner should strive gradually to destroy them.
Niệm Phật Phải Phát Lòng Bồ Đề
Ba cõi không an dường hỏa trạch
Đâu miền chân lạc khỏi tang thương?
Người vô thường,
Cảnh vô thường!
Khuyên gọi cùng nhau tỉnh mộng
Quay về bể giác thanh lương.
Khởi lòng bi trí
Nguyện độ mười phương.
Ba tăng kỳ kiếp tu muôn hạnh
Bền lòng không thối chuyển
Cầu ngôi vị Pháp Vương!
Niệm Phật Thập Yếu
Hòa Thượng Thích Thiền-Tâm
Four powers of understanding : See four intellectual
powers.
Four right efforts :
(1) Eliminating unwholesome states;
(2) Preventing further arising of unwholesome states;
(3) Developing good states;
(4) Increasing good states.
Four special knowledges : See four intellectual
powers.
Four torrents : Desire, becoming, views, ignorance;
currents that sweep the mind away from enlightenment and hold it in bondage by
compelling force.
Freedom from birth : Detachment from the world.
Gandharva : A demigod; mythical celestial musician.
Gandharva city : A mirage or
illusion.
Garuda : A fantastic birdlike creature.
Gate : A method, a means of access to understanding, a
facet or aspect of experience; commonly used to refer to a way of entry into
truth, a specific teaching or practice, or a particular perspective.
Gods : Representations of higher psychic faculties or
meditative states without enlightenment.
Guide : An epithet of Buddha.
Heavens : These are classified as belonging to the
realm of desire, the realm of form, or the formless realm.
Brahma heavens : Or heavens of purity-are in the realm
of form, free from lust, tranquil; there are three divisions-Brahma hosts or
pure hosts, Brahma assistants, and great Brahmas. Brahma is the creator god of
Hindu mythology.
Heaven of enjoyment of emanations : In the realm of
desire; the inhabitants enjoy themselves by emanating sense experiences with
which they amuse themselves.
Heaven of free access to, or control of, others' enjoyments or
emanations : Highest of the heavens in the realm of desire, where the inhabitants
enjoy the emanations of other heavens in the realm of desire.
Heaven of good manifestation : In the fourth
meditation.
Heaven of good sight : In the fourth meditation.
Heaven of great freedom : The realm of Maheshvara, the
Great Lord, at the summit of the realm of form, presiding over the world
system.
Heaven of infinite light : In the realm of form,
perceived in the third meditation.
Heaven of infinite purity : In the realm of form,
perceived in the third meditation.
Heaven of little light : In the realm of form,
perceived in the second meditation.
Heaven of minor purity : In the realm of form,
perceived in the third meditation.
Heaven of minor vastness : In the fourth meditation.
Heaven of no heat : In the fourth meditation.
Heaven of no troubles : In the fourth meditation, the
abode of nonreturners.
Heavens of the four world guardians : Abodes of
guardian deities of the four quarters.
heaven of the ultimate ofform-Highest of the heavens
in the realm of form, at the peak of the fourth meditation.
heaven of thirty-three celestial realms-Or
thirty-three heavens; in the realm of desire, ruled by Indra, envisioned as
atop the polar mountain Sumeru, with the thirty-three realms of celestial
cities surrounding Indra' s palace.
heaven of universal purity-In the realm of form,
perceived in the third meditation.
heaven of vast results-In the realm of form,
perceived in the fourth medita tion.
heaven of vastness-In the fourth meditation.
light-sound
heaven-Also called heaven
of ultimate light purity;
in the realm of form, there is no sound and speech
is done by means of light.
Suyama heaven-The "heaven of timely portion,
" in the realm of desire, representing knowledge of suitable time and
amount of enjoyment.
Tushita heaven-The "heaven of happiness"
or contentment, in the realm of desire, said to be the abode of the
buddha-to-be.
Honored One-An epithet of Buddha.
Human Tamer-An epithet of Buddha, as a teacher.
immortality-Refers to nirvana, freedom from bondage
to life and death.
indestructible
body-Refers to the
realization of the
identity of existence
and emptiness, and to the unity of being, transcending ephemeral
particulars.
Indra-A particular god, ruler of the gods of the
thirty-threefold heaven, some times called the king or emperor of goods.
invisible crown-Refers to the inconceivability of
the ultimate realization of enlightenment.
Jambudvipa-The southern of the four continents of
lndian Buddhist geography, sometimes identified with India.
kalavinka-A mythical bird with a beautiful voice.
kinnara-A fantastic creature with a human body and a
horse head.
knot offiesh
on the head-One of the supposed physical marks of Buddha.
limbs ofenlightenment-Seven aspects of
enlightenment: discrimination of true and false, energy, joy, ease,
relinquishment, stability, mindfulness .
lion-A term used to
refer to Buddhas as the best of humans.
lion throne/seat-Seats ofhonor for Buddhas and
enlightening beings.
lion 's roar-The realization or explanation of the
ultimate emptiness of condi tional things.
Maheshvara-"Great Lord, " applied to Indra and
other gods.
mahoraga-A great serpent; a fantastic creature.
methods offostering the path-Thirty-seven aids to
enlightenment, consisting of the four points of mindfulness, four right
efforts, four bases of spiritual powers, five faculties, and five powers (all
of the foregoing are glossed separately), the seven branches of enlightenment
(analysis of things, vigor, joy, ease, equanim ity, stability and
concentration, and mindfulness) , and the eightfold path (right seeing,
thinking, speech, action, livelihood, effort, recollection, and concentra
tion) .
moon-A symbol of truth or reality, being reflected
everywhere while itself remaining undivided.
most honorable human-Buddha.
naga-A mythical creature; a "dragon" or
rain spirit.
nature-Sometimes used in the conventional sense of
character or quality, more usually refers to absolute or intrinsic nature,
which is naturelessness or emptiness.
nature ofthings-Emptiness, or relativity.
nine successive stages of meditation-These consist
of the four basic stages of meditation, the four formless attainments, and the
stage of passing away of all sensation. (Cf. "The Ten Stages, " Book
26)
oceanic reflection concentration-A metaphor for
holistic awareness; the mind is likened to an ocean which, when the waves are stilled,
clearly reflects every thing at once. The Flower Ornament Scripture supposed
emerges from the oceanic reflection concentration.
one
sound-Or "one voice, "
refers to universal
truth, such as the truth
of the relativity of all conditional things.
other shore-Transcendence, or ultimate perfection or consummation.
path often virtues-Not killing, not stealing, not
committing adultery, not lying, not speaking divisively, not slandering others,
not speaking frivolously, not being greedy, not being moved to anger or hatred,
not entertaining false VIeWS.
perdurance-Refers to unity of emptiness and
existence, so that there is really nothing which disintegrates, having no
independent reality to begin with.
points of
mindfulness-Mindfulness of the body,
sensations, mind, and
phenom ena; these are basic meditation practices.
points of totality-Yogic practices involving total
absorption in ten objects of concentration, which arc expanded to cover the
total field of awareness: absorption in the color blue, the color yellow, the
color red, the color white, earth, water, fire, air, space, and consciousness.
principles ofgreat people-Having few desires, being
content, enjoying peace and quiet, being vigorous in effort, being heedful and
mindful, cultivating medi tation concentration, cultivating knowledge and wisdom, and not indulging in idle speculation.
purity-Essential
purity means emptiness;
relative purity means
purity as op posed to defilement. Asking about purity
is part of the ordination ceremony and refers to asking the novice whether he
is pure, or innocent, in regard to the precepts.
Purvavideha-The eastern of the four continents of
Indian Buddhist geography. quakes-Representation of the "shaking" or
breaking down of fixed views, the
shattering of the habitual world view.
rakshasa-A
fantastic creature, may
refer to evil
goblins or to
benevolent demi gods.
real character-The identity ofemptiness and
existence.
reliances-Four basic principles for understanding
Buddhism: rely on the teach ing, not on the person; rely on the meaning, not
on the letter; rely on the complete teaching, not on partial teaching; rely on
knowledge, not on condi tioned consciousness.
religious foculties and powers-Faith, vigor,
recollection, concentration, discern ment. (Also fivefoculties, five powers)
roots of goodness-Also bases of goodness,
foundations of goodness; refers to virtues firmly established in one's
character, or to virtues in general, or good deeds, or higher developments of
human faculties.
seven branches of enlightenment-Factors involved in
attaining enlightenment: dis cernment, energy, joy, comfort, recollection,
concentration, equanimity.
seven jewels
of awakening-The seven branches,
or limbs, of enlightenment. See thirty-seven aids to enlightenment.
seven
kinds of wealth-The spiritual
wealth of sages-faith, discipline,
learning, conscience, shame, detachment, and wisdom.
seventh sage-The historical Buddha Shakyamuni was
said to be the seventh of a succession of ancient Buddhas.
shrouds-Another term for afflictions or hindrances
to enlightenment; also refers to obstructions to meditation such as agitation
and torpor, anxiety and craving.
six dispositions-The states of being of heavens, hells,
animals, ghosts, humans, and titans; a way of referring to the mundane
existence in general and in particular.
six paranormal powers-Six spiritual powers: psychic
travel, or projection of awareness; clairvoyance (celestial eye); clairaudience
(celestial ear); mental telepathy or mind-reading; recollection of past states;
awareness of the ending of mental contaminations.
six
principles of harmony and
respect-Six bases of
organization of a
religious community: the same acts of devotion, the same recitations,
the same faith, the same precepts, the same views, and the same livelihood.
six principles
of steadfastness-Steadfastness
in faith, steadfastness
in the midst
of phenomena, steadfastness in practice, steadfastness in virtue, steadfastness
in highest attainment, and steadfastness in awareness.
six
thoughts-Thought of Buddha, of the Teaching, of the
spiritual Community, of
discipline, of charity, and of heaven.
sixfold respect-Principles for a spiritual
community-respect in behavior, speech,
and thought; sharing the same ethics, the same views, and the same material
goods.
sixteen knowledges of refined meditation-This refers
to the so-called eight recogni tions and eight knowledges, which are
recognition of and knowledge of the four holy truths as they apply to the realm
of desire, and as they apply to the realms of form and formlessness .
sixty-two views- This refers to all the various
opm10ns and doctrines of the philosophers of India, and by extension to all
dogmas and fixed ideas.
sweet dew-Or ambrosia, or elixir; the elixir
ofimmortality, an epithet ofnirvana, by which one overcomes the dread and
sorrow of death; also used generally for realization of eternal truth.
teacherless pathlteacherless knowledge-Autonomous
knowledge or inherent knowl edge which cannot in itself be taught or learned,
but is to be awakened from latency.
ten eyes-The physical eye, the celestial eye, the
eye of wisdom, the objective eye, the Buddha-eye, the eye of knowledge, the eye
of light, the eye leaving birth and death, the unobstructed eye, the eye of
omniscience.
Ten Powered-An epithet of Buddhas.
ten powers-These are ten kinds of enlightened
knowledge. One description of the ten powers according to the Chinese tradition
is given in the Introduction to this volume. They are also described as
knowledge of the following ten things: (1) what is so and what is not so; (2)
results of actions; (3) various interests; (4) various realms; (5) higher and
lower faculties; (6) all destinations;
(7) all states of meditation and concentration, how
they are defiled, how they are purified, and how to emerge from them; (8) past
states of being; (9) the conditions of death and birth of other beings; (1 0)
the end of contamination. These ten kinds of knowledge power are sometimes
equated with the compre hensive omniscience of Buddhas, the knowledge of all
particulars. The term "ten powers" typically refers to these ten
powers of Buddhas, but there are also ten powers of enlightening beings: (1)
resolution; (2) deliberation; (3) becoming; (4) patience; (5) knowledge; (6)
extirpation; (7) concentration; (8) presence of mind; (9) virtue; (10) action.
Another enumeration of the ten powers of enlightening beings gives (1) intent;
(2) will; (3) application; (4) wisdom; (5) commitment; (6) means; (7) practice;
(8) magic; (9) awakening;
(10) teaching.
ten
universes-Prototypes of
existence: realms of animals,
ghosts, hells, titans, humans, cclestials, hearers,
individual illuminates, enlightening beings, and buddhas.
tenfold
knowle�ge-Knowledge of
facts, inferential knowledge,
knowledge of others' minds,
knowledge of the world, knowledge of the Four Truths (of the
existence of suffering, the cause of suffering, the
end of suffering, and the way to end suffering) , knowledge of extinction, and
knowledge of nonorigination.
thirty-seven
aids to enlightenment-Elements of the
Path of enlightenment-four points
of mindfulness (mindfulness of the body, sensations, mind, and phe nomena);
four right efforts (to eliminate existing bad states, prevent future arising of
bad states, foster good states, and further develop existing good states) ;
four bases of psychic powers (desire, effort, concentration, contempla tion) ;
five faculties and five powers (faith, perseverance, mindfulness, concen
tration, precise awareness) ; seven branches of enlightenment (discernment,
diligence, joy, alleviation, relinquishment, stability, attention); the
eightfold right path (right insight, right thought, right speech, right action,
right livelihood, right effort, right recollection, right meditation) .
thirty-two marks-An ancient Indian idea that a great
man has thirty-two special physical features was also applied to the idealized
image of Buddha; here they are symbols of qualities attained by cultivation of
good practices.
three doors ofliberation-See three liberations.
threefires-The fires of craving, hatred, and folly .
three kinds, or bodies, ofpure precepts-Discipline
or self-control developed in the realm of desire, discipline arising from
meditation, and discipline arising from entry into uncontaminated
concentration. Also, precepts designed
to get rid of evil, precepts designed to embody virtue, and precepts related to
helping others.
three levels of truth-Imaginary or mentally
constructed truth; relative truth, or the conditional, interdependent existence
of things; and absolute truth, the ultimate emptiness of the imagined and
relative truths.
three liberations-Liberation through realization of
signlessness, wishlessness, and emptiness; that is, by realizing that
things are not as they appear, have no inherent aim, and have no inherent
existence.
three modes ofconduct-Behavioral discipline,
discipline concomitant with concen tration, and discipline concomitant with
the path of enlightenment.
three spheres pure-Emptiness of absolute existence
of subject, object, and me dium; usually applied specifically to giving
without attachment to the giver, the receiver, or the gift.
three superknowledges-Knowledge of past states of self
and others; seeing the future life and death of self and others; and knowledge
of the end of afflictions and contaminations.
three times-Past,
present, and future.
three tolerances-Tolerance of opposition and injury,
tolerance of suffering, and tolerance of truth.
Three Treasuries-The Buddha, the Teaching, and the
religious community.
Three
u;hicles-Vehicles of salvation:
the vehicle of "hearers" or
disciples; the vehicle of
individual illuminates; the vehicle of enlightening beings. The first two,
called the small or lesser vehicles, culminate in lesser nirvana, or dispas
sion; the third, called the Great Vehicle, includes both self- and
other-enlight enment, and both mundane and transmundane welfare.
three worlds/triple world-The realms ofdesire, form,
and formlessness. The realm of desire is the realm of passion of the ordinary
person. The realm of form is the realm of the four meditations (q. v.). The
formless realm is the realm of the four formless concentrations (q .v.). These
realms are psychically, not spatially, distinct; they are usually cited
together as the totality of the mun dane, and emancipation is referred to as
liberation from, or nonattachment to, any of these realms.
threefold
repetition-This refers to
repetition during the
ceremony of ordination and giving
monastic precepts, where the novice is required to affirm his commitment three
times.
titan-A kind of being, representing anger, jealousy,
pride, and arrogance.
torrents-The four torrents are the torrent of
passion, involving great anger, folly, and suspicion, in the realm of desire;
the torrent of existence, involving greed and pride in the form and formless
realms; the torrent of views, involving delusive views; and the torrent of
ignorance.
twelve sense media-The six sense faculties and six
fields of sense data.
two kinds of nirvana-Nirvana with remainder, being
the extinction of afflictions and views while in this life; and nirvana without
remainder, being final extinction upon physical death.
uncreated-This
means void or empty
of absolute inherent nature; it
is also
used of what arc known as uncompounded phenomena (space and extinction),
but again corresponds as
well to the
uncompounded or uncreated
essence emptiness-within the compounded.
universal tongue-Refers to the expounding of
universal truth or all-pervasive principles such as emptiness.
Uttara -The northern of the four continents of
lndian Buddhist geography.
walking seven steps-This refers to the myth of the
birth of the Buddha, who is said to have walked seven steps in each direction
upon coming into the world.
water of eight qualities-The ideal water of pure
lands, which is cool, clear, sweet, soft, lustrous, settled, nourishing, and
able to allay hunger and thirst.
wish-fulfilling gem-A mythical jewel that grants all wishes; used
as a symbol of the mind, especially in terms of its powers of adaptation.
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